What Are Mental Models?

Mental models are cognitive frameworks — structured ways of understanding how the world works. They simplify complexity, helping you make smarter, faster decisions with less bias. The more models you master, the better you can interpret reality and adapt to changing circumstances.

Essential Models to Master

Every great strategist builds a toolkit of thinking frameworks. These models reveal hidden connections and improve judgment under pressure. Some of the most powerful include:

• First Principles Thinking — Strip away assumptions and rebuild your understanding from fundamental truths.
• Second-Order Thinking — Look beyond immediate results to anticipate long-term ripple effects and unintended outcomes.
• Inversion — Instead of asking, ‘How can I succeed?’, ask, ‘What would cause failure?’ — and design around those pitfalls.
• Ockham’s Razor — Favour simplicity: the simplest solution is often the strongest when data is limited.

Applying Models Daily

Mental models aren’t abstract theories — they’re practical decision-making tools. Use them to evaluate options, avoid cognitive traps, and clarify complex choices. Combine models like instruments in a toolkit — no single one fits every challenge, but together they make you a sharper, more adaptable thinker.

Next Steps: Build Your Strategic Thinking Toolkit

Start small: learn one model each week and apply it to real-life problems. Over time, you’ll build an internal framework for clear, confident decisions. To go deeper, explore Think Like a Strategist for practical exercises in applying these frameworks to leadership, business, and personal growth.